Personal financial data is any information that describes your money, your obligations or your financial behavior and can be linked back to you. It includes the obvious items, such as account numbers, and many less…
Oracle security is the discipline of safely bringing information from outside a blockchain, such as asset prices, weather readings, sports results or random numbers, into smart contracts that cannot fetch it themselves. Because contracts act…
Financial privacy fundamentals start with a simple idea: information about your money should be seen only by people and organizations with a legitimate reason to see it, and used only for purposes you understand. That…
Integer overflow and underflow happen when a calculation produces a number too large or too small for the fixed-size variable meant to hold it. In many programming environments, the value silently wraps around to the…
Smart contract reentrancy is a vulnerability in which a contract makes an external call before finishing its own state updates, allowing the called code to call back in and act on outdated information. It is…
Smart contract upgradeability describes design patterns that let a team change a contract’s logic after deployment, even though deployed bytecode itself is immutable. It exists because bugs are inevitable and requirements change, yet every upgrade…
Smart contract access control is the set of rules that decides which accounts may call sensitive functions, such as minting tokens, moving reserves, changing fees or pausing a protocol. When those rules are missing or…
Smart contract security is the practice of designing, writing, testing and operating on-chain programs so that they behave exactly as intended, even when attackers interact with them. A smart contract is code stored on a…
Private blockchain security concerns ledgers operated by a single organization, where that organization runs the nodes, decides who may participate, and controls the software. Such systems can provide useful audit trails and data sharing between…
Public blockchain security is the challenge of protecting a network that anyone in the world can join, read, and use without asking permission. There is no administrator to approve participants, no help desk to reverse…