Sybil attack prevention is the set of design choices that stop one person from pretending to be many participants in a decentralized network. In a blockchain, anyone can usually create new addresses and run new…
Double spending prevention is the core problem every digital currency must solve: stopping the same unit of value from being spent twice. Physical cash cannot be handed to two people at once, but digital data…
Financial data retention describes how long banks, card issuers, apps and you yourself keep records about money after they are created. Statements, transaction logs, identity checks and call recordings do not vanish when an account…
Transaction malleability is the ability of someone to change the identifier of a blockchain transaction without changing what the transaction does. The coins still move from the same sender to the same recipient, yet the…
Financial data minimization is the practice of collecting, sharing and keeping only the financial information that a specific purpose genuinely requires. For individuals, it means handing over fewer details; for businesses, it means asking for…
Financial data consent is the permission you give a bank, app or other company to collect, use or share information about your money for a stated purpose. It appears as checkboxes, pop-ups and authorization screens,…
Merkle tree security is about making sure that a single short hash, the Merkle root, truly commits to every item beneath it, so that no one can add, remove or swap data without detection. Blockchains…
Public key cryptography is the branch of cryptography that uses a pair of mathematically linked keys, one kept secret and one shared openly, and it is the foundation of ownership on every public blockchain. Without…
Financial data rights are the legal powers that let you see, question, correct and sometimes limit the information banks, lenders, card issuers and apps keep about your money. Many people hold these rights for years…
Digital signatures in blockchains are the mechanism that proves a transaction was approved by the holder of a specific private key, without ever revealing that key. Every transfer, contract call and vote on a public…